Future Quantum Leaders Discuss Opportunities and Challenges in London

The International Year of Quantum Science and Technology was marked by a significant conference in London on November 5, 2025. Organized by the Institute of Physics at the Royal Institution, the event brought together emerging leaders in quantum technology to discuss both opportunities and challenges facing the field. This gathering was part of a broader series of quantum-related events in the UK, aimed at raising awareness and promoting advancements in quantum science.

During the two-day conference titled “Quantum Science and Technology: The First 100 Years; Our Quantum Future,” four speakers shared their insights on the technical challenges in quantum science and underscored the necessity of developing a robust workforce. They emphasized the importance of creating a “skills pipeline” to ensure that the quantum sector can meet its growing demands for skilled professionals.

The panel featured Nicole Gillett, a senior software engineer at Riverlane; Muhammad Hamza Waseem, a researcher at Quantinuum; Mehul Malik from Heriot-Watt University; and Sarah Alam Malik from University College London. The discussion was chaired by Matin Durrani, editor-in-chief of Physics World.

Insights from Quantum Leaders

Nicole Gillett highlighted the ambitious goals of quantum computing companies like IBM, which aims to develop a utility-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computer by the end of the decade. According to Gillett, IBM plans to achieve a system capable of supporting 2,000 “logical qubits” by 2033. These advancements could enable the simulation of complex systems, such as black hole dynamics, pushing the boundaries of what quantum technology can achieve.

Similarly, Mehul Malik pointed out the promising potential of quantum networks that could connect smaller quantum processors for enhanced computing and communication capabilities. He noted that existing technologies have matured enough to already facilitate quantum networks, such as one currently linking banks in London. Malik also discussed the integration of classical and quantum technologies, which he termed “quantum adjacent technology,” that could revolutionize fields like healthcare and long-distance communication.

Sarah Alam Malik emphasized the transformative impact of quantum computing algorithms in physics. She is exploring the use of quantum computers to simulate proton-proton collisions more efficiently, aiming to uncover new physics beyond the Standard Model. Her research seeks to identify anomalous events that could reveal deeper insights into the nature of reality.

Meanwhile, Muhammad Hamza Waseem discussed the educational implications of quantum theory, suggesting that it teaches us to view reality through the lens of relationships rather than isolated particles. He shared his experiences with a new teaching approach called “Quantum in Pictures,” which aims to simplify complex quantum concepts for younger students and make quantum physics more accessible to a broader audience.

Challenges Ahead for Quantum Science

The panel members identified several challenges that the quantum sector will face in the coming years. Gillett expressed concern over the need to build a sufficiently large workforce, stating, “Our biggest challenge will be not having a workforce ready for quantum computing.” She emphasized the importance of making quantum concepts accessible to students and inspiring them through hands-on workshops.

Malik raised an important point about the necessity of international collaboration in quantum research. He warned that increasing protectionism could hinder progress, stating, “To really progress in quantum tech, we need to collaborate and develop science in a way that’s best for humanity, not just for each nation.” This sentiment was echoed by Alam Malik, who cautioned against the hype surrounding quantum technology, urging the community to manage expectations realistically.

Waseem added that a critical challenge lies in balancing funding between foundational research and practical applications. He noted that many of today’s technological advancements stem from foundational ideas that were not immediately linked to their eventual applications.

As the quantum field progresses, the panelists agreed on the importance of integrating AI into quantum research. They discussed how AI could expedite research processes and help identify breakthroughs across disciplines. Waseem cautioned, however, that the quantum computing sector must avoid the pitfalls seen in AI research, where commercial interests can overshadow fundamental scientific inquiry.

The conference concluded with a call to action for policymakers. Gillett suggested that if she were to serve as the science minister, she would advocate for substantial investments in education to position the UK as a leader in quantum computing. Malik proposed reducing barriers to international mobility for scientists, while Alam Malik emphasized the need for sustained funding to support long-term research initiatives. Waseem highlighted the importance of increased investment in education and research to foster a thriving quantum ecosystem.

The discussions at this conference reflect a vibrant future for quantum science and technology, filled with potential but also notable challenges that require collaborative efforts and innovative thinking. As the sector evolves, the contributions of these emerging leaders will be critical in shaping its trajectory.